Employment Rights free essay sample

Rundown the fundamental highlights of current business enactment Employment rights Equalities and Discrimination Health and Safety Outline why enactment identifying with work exists Legislation identifying with business exists to help secure the privileges of representatives and managers. This is finished by giving standards and guidelines that must be followed. Distinguish sources and kinds of data and guidance accessible corresponding to business obligations and rights A few sources and sorts of data accessible comparable to work incorporate; Job gets The terms and states of the employee’s contract Policy archives Job portrayals. Errand 2 Awareness of own word related job and how it fits inside the area Links to learning result 2, appraisal rules 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3, 2. 4 and 2. 5 Describe the terms and states of your agreement of work Describe the data appeared on your compensation proclamation The name of the organization and PAYE reference are appeared on my compensation articulation. Likewise, my National Insurance number, name and address and the hours I’ve worked (alongside the hourly rate) are appeared. We will compose a custom exposition test on Work Rights or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Derivations, for example, Tax and National Insurance are additionally shown. Portray the systems to follow in occasion of a complaint Any individual from staff has the option to communicate a complaint identifying with their business. The following are the means that ought to be taken. 1. The complaint ought to be communicated orally, or recorded as a hard copy, to the proprietor/administrator, who will endeavor to determine the issue at the most punctual chance. 2. In the event that the issue isn't managed agreeably inside 15 working days, the complaint can be alluded to a free authority with involvement with Human Resource issues who will be suggested by the National Day Nursery Association. 3. At any stage, the representative has an option to be spoken to by a Trade Union authority. Distinguish the individual data that must be stayed up with the latest with own boss Telephone number Address Doctor’s subtleties Emergency contact These subtleties must be stayed up with the latest as the Manager should have the option to reach you in regards to work. Additionally, on the off chance that anything transpires while at work, individuals must be contactable as they would should be educated. Clarify the concurred methods of working with your manager I should be adaptable with days and keep to my allocated days and hours, except if there is a valid justification why I can't. I ought to illuminate the director/proprietor before 8am in the event that I can't go to work that day and I additionally should go to staff gatherings unemployed hours. I am additionally obliged to peruse, comprehend and regard the arrangements and methodology of the nursery consistently. Errand 3 Agreed methods of working with your boss Links to learning result 3, evaluation standards 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3 and 3. 4 Explain how own job fits inside the conveyance of the administration gave Nurseries give care and training to kids matured 3 months 5 years. The point of the administration is to assist youngsters with developing while guarding them solid and. My job fits inside the conveyance of this as I lead imaginative exercises, circle times (counting; stories, melodies and games to reinforce numbers/hues/memory abilities) which all guide children’s advancement. I serve sound food at dinner times and give products of the soil snacks for the duration of the day, guaranteeing that youngsters eat a differed and adjusted eating routine. I likewise follow shielding techniques to ensure that youngsters are remained careful, for example, open entryway strategy while changing nappies and no telephones/advanced cameras in the room. Clarify the impact of your own job on administration arrangement Describe how your own job connects to the more extensive division Describe the primary jobs and obligations of delegate bodies that impact the more extensive area OFSTED: The Department of Education: Social Services:

Investment Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Venture Risks - Essay Example This alludes to the poor winning reports, lawful activities against the organization, the executives incapability, or potential chapter 11 related issues that may shield a speculator from putting resources into the company’s protections and stocks. Credit chance alludes to the likelihood that the organization won't have the option to meet its commitments and pay off its obligations as and when these become due. On the off chance that this circumstance emerges, this could have a definitely negative impact on the company’s execution and its discernment into the psyches of potential financial specialists. This may likewise bring about a decrease in stock costs and may at last lead to dissolvability issues for the company.This alludes to the circumstance where developments in return rates antagonistically influence the speculations for an individual or the organization. The trade rates may move for or against the speculations for individuals. On the off chance that trade ra tes are diminishing, an interest in a security gets appealing as other venture models, as remote money, gets ugly because of trade rates being decreased. Be that as it may, if trade rates show an expanding pattern, a financial specialist probably won't be eager to put resources into a company’s protections until the arrival from the interest in protections is more than the arrival from interests in outside money. Furthermore, for global organizations or for the individuals who attempt to broaden their portfolio by putting resources into outside monetary standards, trade hazard may be an extremely basic component to consider before making the venture.

Writing Narrative Essay Topics

Writing Narrative Essay TopicsNarritive essay topics have proven to be a very useful tool for many writers. They're the tool that helps you capture and integrate the thoughts that you have. The goal is to figure out what they mean to you. Once you've learned how to use them, you'll be ready to write the perfect Narritive essay.The Narritive essay format is pretty much the same as that of a normal essay. It's just that the questions are pre-arranged and you use your own logic. By following these tips, you'll be on your way to producing the perfect Narritive essay.Start by selecting essay topics that interest you. Go through the essay topic to research and choose what seems relevant to you. Then, read through the topic again and focus on those ideas that are the most relevant to you. In fact, it's best to do this all at once.Don't get distracted and skip any paragraphs that seem not to apply to you. Concentrate on a few key ones and go back and look over your research. It's best to get started right away rather than just kind of haphazardly working through it.These essay topics should be short and to the point. This will help you focus more on the topics and less on the words. You want to be able to express yourself clearly and concisely without going over your head.Don't just write down your ideas for Narritive essay topics. First of all, you'll get to write down your research on a sheet of paper. You may be tempted to just take those ideas and organize them into your essay. Don't do that. Narritive essay topics can range from big and bold to small and personal. If you are writing an essay about something that you know a lot about, you can decide to put all of your information in a bullet point format. Or if you are writing an essay about something that you know nothing about, you can take a little time and go right into the subjects that you know the most about. And don't be afraid to learn things about yourself or your interests.You should be able to move arou nd and mix things up a bit when you are writing your essay. Your goal should be to make sure that you are able to write a good narrative essay. And remember, if you think that you are going to have a problem with a part of your essay, don't worry because most people do.

The Negative Effect Of Pre Cogs And Pre Crime - 957 Words

With the movie, The Minority Report, Mill would be for the use of Pre-cogs and Pre-crime on the basis that the consequences of these outcomes have a positive effect for more people than a negative effect. Thereby, supporting his claim of the standards of utility. This is evident in how many lives were saved through the process of Pre-crime and the use of Pre-cogs. However, Kant would be against the use of Pre-cogs and Pre-crime and say it is immoral because it limits the role of individual moral agents and goes against the categorical imperative. Firstly, Mill would argue that Pre-crime and the use of Pre-cogs would be morally correct if the standards of the utility were used, because the outcomes of these practices have a more positive effect than a negative effect, such as saving many human lives. This is evident, when in the movie there is an advertisement that states that there hasn’t been a murder in Washington D.C in six years. Even though a small percentage of those potential murders might not have gone through with it, according to Mill, the lives of many far outweighs this. Not only that, but we would have to put into account the positive effects based upon the Hedonic Calculus. Based on Hedonic Calculus, we would have to wonder how many people would be affected by the use of Pre-cogs and Pre-crime, the intensity of those affected, how long the affect would last, and so on. If we use this method, we would have to account for the number of lives saved, added to theShow MoreRelated Forensic Psychology Essay3428 Words   |  14 Pageshis every need; the angry, threatening, autocratic boss or teacher who enjoys seeing the worker or student break into a cold sweat. Boredom is another source of hostility, according to Fromm. When life loses its meaning because we are only a cog in a wheel, our reaction to the senselessness and helplessness is anger. We feel cheated; we had hoped for more in life; the powerlessness hurts. Hurting others or making them mad is ways of proving one still has power, a means of showing Im somebodyRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay4334 Words   |  18 Pages(Gullotta et al. 2005, p. 336). Thus it is evident that PTSD is not culturally or socially limited to only Western society and in fact, one would expect high rates of exposure to trauma and PTSD in individuals from those parts of the world where war, crime, and poverty are more prolific. In contrast to other diagnosed disorders, PTSD is defined as having been set in motion by an external event. Whereas other psychopathological disorders are currently only diagnosed in terms of symptoms, PTSD often occursRead MoreThe Current Trends And Major Industries That Are Utilizing Gis Essay2398 Words   |  10 Pagesthe basic concepts must be established. Geographic Information Systems are a combination of three parts: people, software, and hardware. People must procure data for the software to process and be rendered by the hardware. Each of these elements are cogs in GIS; without one of the elements the system will fail. From an outside perspective, people may seem like a small role in GIS (due to living in a world of automation) but it can be argued that is the most vital role: data gathering. The two basicRead MoreAbstract: Strategic Contingency Planning23625 Words   |  95 Pagesrates of businesses after a disaster abound. While there is no way to confirm these statistics, they seem to suggest that contingency planning will improve the odds of an organization’s survival. Due to the fear of terrorist attacks, cyber crime, pandemics and the increasing costs of natural disasters, more organizations than ever before are considering contingency planning to help protect their people, assets, and facilities. As organizations become more complex, disruptions can cause greaterRead MoreGlobalization of South Africa8279 Words   |  34 Pagesinternational Economics crisis The impact of the crisis on Africa comes from both direct and indirect channels. The direct effects have been felt mostly through the financial sector. For example, stock market volatility has increased since the onset of the crisis and wealth losses have been observed in the major stock exchanges. 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These ideas could be stretched further to encourage greater loyalty and ensure that hotels are providing the best possible service for their guests. This could be done via post-stay surveys and promotional texts between visits. FurtherRead MoreStrategic Management at Starbucks14676 Words   |  59 Pagesthat Starbucks has found itself in a certain level of strategic drift and has failed to adapt properly to the changing environmen t. Another factor is the path dependency, where early events and decisions establish policy paths that have lasting effects on subsequent events and decisions. Starbucks has been very successful in the past and has tended to keep its old recipe for success, which might be no longer quite as efficient. Historical analyses can be conducted to uncover the influences drivenRead MoreSwiss Chocolate19949 Words   |  80 Pageslakes, mainly to drive water turbines of power plants. As well Switzerland hosts about 20% of the Alps. Approximately 100 peaks are close to or higher than 4000 meters (13125 feet) above sea level. Many mountain areas are developed, there are trains, cog railways, aerial cable cars and other means of transportation. Swiss mountains are famous for climbing, skiing, snowboarding, biking, hiking and other recreational activities. The rivers of Switzerland lead to three different seas: The Rhein with itsRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 Pagesgovernment† due to its unethical business practices; so perhaps it does pay to take CSR more seriously The claim that up to 8% of its customers boycotted the company suggests that Wal-Mart can no longer ignore the claims being made in the media Negative publicity might cause major global repercussions for the high-profile multinational Ultimately, the moral dilemma is a subjective one. In order to answer the question, it depends on whose point of view we looked at. Employees will most certainly

Instrumentalism Underdetermination Realism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3235 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Understanding Underdetermination in conjunction with realism and instrumentalism The present essay is about the understanding of under determination thesis in conjunction with the realism and instrumentalism. As we know that realism and instrumentalism are two opposite views in philosophy of science, so by explaining the two it would be much easier to grasp the concept of under determination thesis, which is one of complex doctrine. The intended audiences of this essay are science students and people who are interested to know about the philosophical issues in science. I divide the essay into four of parts. The first part explains the realism and instrumentalism concepts, second part explains the under determination thesis in detail and then the third part will state the views of different philosophers about three schools of thoughts. The fourth and the final part conclude the whole argumentation Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Instrumentalism Underdetermination Realism" essay for you Create order Realism The word realism in the dictionary means the tendency to view or represent things as they really are. [dic]. In philosophy of science it can be defined as â€Å"the philosophical doctrine that abstract concepts exist independent of their names†. It can be explained as an approach in philosophy that considers objects as they are in the universe as real things and their characteristics as a secondary thing. The advocate of realism are called realist and it is important to differentiate the realists. A person can be realist about the different kinds of things i.e. mountains, physical objects, numbers, universe etc. but in the case of a philosopher, it is required to specify that for what object/thing the philosopher is realist [book]. An American philosopher name Hilary Putnam stated that â€Å"A realist with respect to a given theory holds the following: What makes them true or false is something external that is to say, it is not in general our sense data, actual or potential, or the structure of our minds, or our language, etc. Furthermore he says that the positive argument for realism is that it is the only â€Å"philosophy that does not make the success of science a miracle†. [Book]. Generally, in science established scientific theories are treated as a true fact, but according to realist these theories would be treated as a successful explanation of the whole scientific process or its relation to an object, and not as a whole truth. [Book] An example is that sun, mountains, building etc. exists in this world, but the attributes like length, width, colour etc. are either dependent or independent of the environment. For example the sun is spherical in shape, so it is independent from any material thing of this universe. But in case of a building, its shape and size, all depend upon the person who designed or built it. So it can be said that reality is related to mind and environment. In general, Realism is supposed to be a term that relates to number of subjects i.e. ethics, aesthetics, causation, modality, science, mathematics, semantics etc. When we talk about the realism in the context of science then the intention is to elaborate the scientific realism which has a number of dimensions i.e. metaphysical, epistemological and methodological. Besides this it is also the truth that there is no single version of scientific realism which is being accepted by all the scientific realists. The doctrine of scientific realism states that â€Å" the world studied by science exists and has the properties it does, independently of our beliefs, perceptions, and theorizing; that the aim of science is to describe and explain that world, including those many aspects of it that are not directly observable; that, other things being equal, scientific theories are to be interpreted literally; that to accept a theory is to believe that what it says about the world is true, and that by continually replacing current scientific theories with better ones. Science makes objective progress and its theories get closer to the truth†. Realism has two schools of thought, first one is called Extreme realism, represented by William, a French philosopher; according to him â€Å"universals exist independently of both the human mind and particular things†. The second one is moderate realism and according to which â€Å"universals exist only in the mind of God, as patterns by which He creates particular things†. The main proponent of this view was St. Thomas Aquinas and John of Salisbury. According to epistemological view of realism, things exist in this universe, independent of our understanding or perception. This point is totally opposite to the theory of idealism, which states that â€Å"reality exists only in the mind†. By having a brief explanation of realism, instrumentalism will be discussed, which is the opposite view of realism and most of time call ed Antirealism. Antirealism is a doctrine that rejects realism, and includes instrumentalism, conventionalism, logical positivism, logical empiricism and constructive empiricism. Instrumentalism Instrumentalism is treated as a doctrine that states â€Å"theories are merely instruments, tools for the prediction and convenient summary of data† [Book]. In other words it can be defined as â€Å"concepts and theories are merely useful instruments whose worth is measured not by whether the concepts and theories are true or false, but by how effective they are in explaining and predicting phenomena†. The point is that in order to make predictions from theories, logic is required, so it can be hard to say theories have no truth values. In view of this instrumentalists admit that theories have truth values, but do not accept this argument that theories should be treated as accurately true. In view of this T.S. Kuhn said that â€Å"Theories may have truth values but their truth of falsity is irrelevant to our understanding of science†. [Book] In other words instrumentalism evaluates the significance of a theory with respect to empirical evidence and di d not require the understanding of the actual phenomena. For example Newton gravity model is understandable and working fine, but it has no theoretical foundation [Answer.com] The another aspect of instrumentalism is that it relates closely to pragmatism and this point of view opposes the scientific realism because according to this, theories are more or less true in nature. Moreover, instrumentalism refutes that theories can be evaluated on the basis of truth. Theories will not be perceived as air plane black box which gives output on the basis of observed input. The point is that there should be a clear distinction between theory and observation that further leads to a distinction between terms and statements in each type. Like in science for statement of observation there is a specific meaning for an observable truth, for example if the litmus paper is red, so the observation terms have their meaning fixed by their referring to observable things or properties, e.g. red . Theoretical statements have their meaning fixed by their function within a theory and arent truth evaluable, e.g. the solution is acidic, whereas theoretical terms have their meaning fixed by their systematic function within a theory and dont refer to any observable thing or property, e.g. acidic. Though you may think that acidic refers to a real property in an object, the meaning of the term can only be explained by reference to a theory about acidity, in contrast to red, which is a property you can observe. Statements that mix both T-terms and O-terms are therefore T-statements, since their totality cannot be directly observed†. There is some criticism of this distinction, however, as it confuses non-theoretical with observable, and likewise theoretical with non-observable. For example, the term gene is theoretical (so a T-term) but it can also be observed (so an O-term). Whether a term is theoretical or not is a semantic matter, because it involves the differe nt ways in which the term gets its meaning (from a theory or from an observation). Whether a term is observable or not is an epistemic matter, because it involves how we can come to know about it. Instrumentalists contend that the distinctions are the same, that we can only come to know about something if we can understand its meaning according to truth-evaluable observations. So in the above example, gene is a T-term because, although it is observable, we cannot understand its meaning from observation alone. The explanation of realism and instrumentalism above has provided us the capability to understand the topic with much insight. Now, I switch to under determination thesis. From the above discussion we have the knowledge that instrumentalism is related to pragmatism and this point of view is in contrasts with the scientific realism, which states that theories are often more or less true. Here, I refer to Quine, who said that theories can be underdetermined by all poss ible observations [23], and Newton Smiths, treat this as a threat to realism. He said, realism in his sense has to be rejected if there can be cases of under determination of theories. Under determination As we know that under determination is a thesis that is â€Å"used in the discussion of theories and their relation to the evidence that is cited to support them†.[1] Arguments from under determination are used to support epistemic relativism by claiming that there is no good way to certify a theory based on any set of evidence. A theory is underdetermined if, given the available evidence, there is a rival theory which is inconsistent with the theory that is at least as consistent with the evidence. Moreover, under determination is treated an epistemological issue about the relation of evidence to conclusions. Historical background The subject gets its first attention by Renà © Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician in the 17th century. He presented two arguments related to under determination. â€Å"While dreaming, perceived experiences (for example, falling) do not necessarily contain sufficient information to deduce the true situation (being in bed)†.[2] As we know that it is not always possible for a person to separate dreams from reality and the theory that what is real or dream at a certain time is underdetermined. The second argument of Descartess is called demon argument â€Å"which is a variant of the dream argument that posits that all of ones experiences and thoughts might be manipulated by a very powerful being (an evil demon) that always deceives. Once again, so long as the perceived reality appears internally consistent to the limits of ones limited ability to tell, the situation is indistinguishable from reality, one cannot logically determine between correct bel iefs from being misled; this is another version of under determination†.[2] The second person who talks about under determination was David Hume, who does not use the word under determination specifically but an argument about the problem of induction. I will discuss the induction later in the essay while explaining the under determination types. The Under determination thesis gets the recognition in the twentieth century through the work of Thomas S. Kuhn, who is a famous theoretical physicist and philosopher. He was very much prominent due to his work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions that offered an alternative to linear models of scientific progress. According to Kuhn the under determination has a place to for argumentation against theories in the philosophy of science, and scientific realism. According to Khun the under determination can be divided into two types the weak and strong under determination. The both could be stated in the following words: Weak underdetermined is that the currently available evidence is not sufficient to prove the argument, but some evidence that will be available in the future might do this. Strong underdetermined is to claim that it is principally impossible to get evidence that could fully resolve the argument between the opponent theories. Besides strong and weak underdetermined theory there are two other attributes called deductive and inductive under determination. The two rival theories could be deductively underdetermined when the available evidence does not completely deny either theory. The theory is inductively underdetermined when theories are compatible with the available evidence, but still tries to determine, which theory could be a better failure A weak under determination can turn to a strong one if it avoids the attainment of future evidence that turns it into deductive under determination. A counter argument is that it is not possible for a theory to be accurately stro ng and inductive. In general weak under determination arguments are focused on the availability of evidence for an explicit set of theories, and strong under determination mostly entails common epistemological arguments that relates to the type of evidence and its viability for a particular or general theory. Furthermore, it is generally acknowledged that all theories are weakly underdetermined, but in case of some specific purpose all theories are strongly underdetermined. Explaining the types of under determination thesis, Ludan said that â€Å"for any finite body of evidence, there are indefinitely many mutually contrary theories, each of which logically entails the evidence†. So in other words it can be said that deductive under determination is under determination of selecting theory through a logical method. Finally, the term under determination as thesis is associated with two respectable names Pierre Duhem and W.V. Quine in philosophy of science, â€Å"t hat neither the truth nor the falsity of any scientific theory is determined by evidence†. According to Duhem-Quine Under determination is a â€Å"relation between evidence and theory. More accurately, it is a relation between the propositions that express the (relevant) evidence and the propositions that constitute the theory. Evidence is said to underdetermine theory†. From the above it can be said that evidence is not enough to prove the theory, belief or truth. Moreover, only the availability of evidence is not enough to make the theory a credible one. In view of this we can call the first argument a deductive and the second inductive under determination. Hence, according to under determination thesis, both arguments have required some definite epistemic proposition, and belief in a theory could not be justified on the basis of evidence. For under determination types, Duhem, also said that â€Å"logic alone cannot take us from the falsification of a pred iction to a refutation of an isolated hypothesis. Importantly, deductive under determination does not mean that theory choice is underdetermined, nor does it mean that there is more than one reasonable conclusion given certain experimental evidence†. Up until now we have a basic understanding of the under determination thesis, so now I will discuss what realism actually is, the theoretical frame and the origin of the concept. Another argument against scientific realism, deriving from the under determination problem, is not as historically motivated as these others. It claims that observational data can in principle be explained by multiple theories that are mutually incompatible. Realists counter by pointing out that there have been few actual cases of under determination in the history of science. Usually the requirement of explaining the data is so exacting that scientists are lucky to find even one theory that fulfils it. Furthermore, if we take the under det ermination argument seriously, it implies that we can know about only what we have directly observed. For example, we could not theorize that dinosaurs once lived based on the fossil evidence because other theories (e.g., that the fossils are clever hoaxes) can account for the same data. Realists claim that, in addition to empirical adequacy, there are other criteria for theory choice, such as parsimony. In particular, it must not be confused with what Newton-Smith takes to be a minimal common factor among the wide range of philosophers who in recent years have advocated a realist construal of scientific theories. This common factor consists of the following theses: (1) Scientific theories are either true or false and which a given theory is, it is in virtue of how the world is, (2) If a theory is true, the theoretical terms of the theory denote theoretical entities which are causally responsible for the observable phenomenon whose occurrence is evidence for the theory, (3) We can have warranted beliefs (at least in principle) concerning the truth values of theories, (4) The historically generated sequence of theories of a mature science may well be a sequence of false theories but it is a sequence in which succeeding theories have greater truth-content and less falsity content than their predecessors. We may refer to (1) as the objectivity, (2) as the causality, (3) as the decidability, and (4) as the convergence of scientific theories. Newton-Smith uses the name realism for the combination of these four theses, and he also seems to hold that this is the standard use of the term. It is clear that theoretical realism in the weakest sense entails neither objectivity, nor causality, nor decidability, nor convergence. In particular, some theoretical propositions may be true even if no scientific theory as a whole is either true or false. Moreover, it is doubtful whether realism in Newton-Smiths sense entails theoretical realism. For e xample, if all theoretical propositions are false, then theoretical realism is false, but realism in Newton-Smiths sense might still be true. In any case, one of Newton-Smiths main theses is that realism in his sense has to be rejected if there can be cases of under determination. In particular, he claims that either objectivity or decidability has to be weakened if under determination can occur to give up decidability is what he calls the ignorance response (to under determination). This involves embracing the possibility of inaccessible facts facts concerning whose obtaining we could have no information. To give up objectivity is what he calls the arrogance response. This amounts to holding that if we cannot know about something there is nothing to know about. 36 Notice, that this holds only for under determination in Newton-Smiths sense, i.e. under determination by all possible data. It does not hold for the other kinds of under determination mentioned above. In other words, it is only when an underdetermined theory is empirically viable that we cannot know that it is true or that it is false (either because it is neither true nor false, or because we cannot know, even in principle, what its truth value is). In general, we cannot have under determination (of any kind) together with empirical viability, objectivity, and decidability. If a theory is underdetermined, we cannot know that it is true. This I accept. At first, it appears that Quine would not accept this. He holds that there may be two best total theories which are empirically viable and incompatible, but that we may know, at least in principle, that one of them is true and the other false. However, it seems that Quine is then using true and false in a non-realistic sense; according to him, to call a statement true is just to reaffirm it. He does not seem to assume that there is some objective reality, the world, such that the truth of a statement consists it its correspondence with this reality. Hence, presumably he would reject the objectivity thesis which is part of realism in Newton Smiths sense. Realism/Anti-realism Given the various epistemological difficulties (under determination, problem of induction, rationality, social forces), and the lack of a consensus on these issues, why should we think that our theories are actually describing reality? The apparently large gap between observational and theoretical knowledge inspires worry about realism Metaphysical difficulties come into play here as well—we do not have good understandings of the nature of laws and causation, explanation, so how can we claim that we are discovering the nature of the universe?

The Aftermath Of The Civil War Essay - 940 Words

The aftermath of the Civil War shook the nation. A new way of life was beginning for the people of America. A way of life that was beautiful and free to some and absolutely devastating to the rest. The country had changed and nobody did a better job at documenting this change than the authors. The authors used this new world to explore new and unique stories as well as capturing what it was actually like living in the post-Civil War times. This paper will examine post-Civil War Literature and its importance to documenting this period in history. One of the biggest effects of the period was the abolition of slavery. This obviously didn’t change the way that some African Americans were looked upon and treated. However, it did change the way that they interacted with the white people. Before the war African Americans were property and to be only viewed as property. After the war however they adopted more of a confidence and would talk to white people as equals. Author Charles Chesnutt captures this perfectly when portraying Uncle Julius in his book Tales of Conjure and The Color Line. Uncle is a classic trickster character who was a former slave on the plantation that John was looking to purchase. Julius talks to John the way no slave would ever talk to a white man. They talk as equals rather than as master and slave. Such as when John shows interest in buying the plantation and Uncle Julius says â€Å"Well, suh, you is a stranger ter me, en I is a stranger ter you, en we is bofeShow MoreRelatedThe Aftermath Of The Civ il War Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe aftermath of the civil war came a drastic change to the United States, or so some thought. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. In this document, Lincoln outlawed slavery throughout the entire nation. 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Emerging Issues in Athlete Management Free Sample for Students

Questions: 1.What is Athlete Management? 2.What is Athlete Management mean to those Stakeholders And how do they all fit together like Governing Bodies, Player Associations? Answers: 1.Athlete Management Management as a concept carries different meanings that have been defined by different scholars. In simple terms, management is derived from the act of mastering, controlling or leading people. In business theory, scholars have used the term differently depending on the activities that are associated with it within the context o application. Universally, management is the act of getting things done following a set of procedures that have been defined. (Daft, 2003, P. 5) Suggests that it is the task of the manager to coordinate and put together various resources in an organization to achieve set objectives. In doing this; the manager uses planning, coordination, controlling, organizing, implementing and supervision to achieve the required objectives. Therefore Athlete management will entail coordinating sport related activities to achieve required results. Management styles adopted by leaders in the sport have several effects on the sport and those who participate in it. 2.Stakeholders in the field In Sports we have the following key aspects worth noting as we point at Athlete Management because they play a valuable role too. Stakeholders are individuals or organisations that have an interest in the sports activity and they use their abilities and powers to dictate and influence the outcomes in different ways (Thompson Sherman, 2016, P. 5). These stakeholders include Athlete, manager, spectators, and Sports governing bodies, Sports team and members of a community. The next level of stakeholders is participants who take part in the field sport activities of the game. There are different participants depending on their abilities and experience in the field. Those who are trying out for the first time are referred to as amateurs since they are trying to learn the rules of the game while those who have been there for sometime are legends. Steward Smith (1999, P. 89 ) argues that management aspects determine the number of participants since most of the Athletes and players seek for environments that will support them in ways that are better and professional. This boosts their well being which contributes greatly to their performance. Spectators are the most important part of any sports since they play the biggest role in the success of a particular sport. Sports competitions are organized in paid for places since the organizers understand that spectators will pay to watch the game which raises income for the participants and the bodies in charge. Teams struggle to attract participants and fun which culminate to money rather than their presence. However, Szymanski (2006, P. 21) that participants play both economicaland psychological roles to Athlete sincethey influence performance of individuals in any sport through cheering. Participants can be the community or general fans who love the sport. The community has a special bond with the team and will comprise of members who come from the same locality as the home ground of the team. Sports governing bodies play a critical role in regulating the Sport and mediating issues that relate to Athlete problems. Governing bodies are charged with the responsibility of controlling the sport through setting and reviews rules that govern the game and the sport at large. Every sport organization for example football and Athletes have their own organization that mobilizes and manages resources for the sport. Each country is supposed to have a national body that deals with athletics which is controlled by the international body (Gmez, et al., 2007, P. 12). However, the bodies have been described to suffer different challenges that vary from country to country which affect their effectiveness and ability to handle Sport related issues. Mrkonjic Geeraret (2012) Suggests that since the sports bodies are required to manage themselves and mobilise their own resources. They organise events that attract different participants, sponsors and spectators to generate resources that are used to run the orgnaisation. Where the organisation fails to support itself the national government will always step in to ensure smooth running of the sport. However, most sports have reaped heavily from corporate social responsibility where multinational and national companies have supported them through social responsibility funds. Role of Athlete Management Bjalevik Ferguson (2009, P. 4) suggest that Athlete management dates back t prehistoric times where sports were used as training tools for warriors and war. this was to enure that those who participated in wars were physically and mentally fit to take part in battles and win the war. selection for warriors was aggressive and only those who were deemed physically fit were taken in as warriors. As a way manging the fitness of al warriors, rigorus training was applied to keep the warriors up to the task. Just like today, Athlete management seeks to put them in shape and ready to compete anytime. Dijkstra, et al.(2014, P. 525) argues that Athlete management is to develop strategies that seek to keep the athete in shape and improve preparedness for future events. The manager identifies the key areas that the Athlete fits well and proposes a choice of the vent that the athlete takes part to maximise results. In most cases, athlete managers are called agents since they play the role of training and the same time strategic planners for the career of the athlete. The managers vary in their responsibilities, and the athlete can have one or several managers who play different roles in the career. These highly qualified professionals play a critical role in meeting the needs of athletes through seeking the best opportunities in the field that apply to the specific Athlete. Therefore the manager needs to have both technical and competency skills that can guide and enable athletes achieve professional gains in their career while at the same time being managed to make the right choices that will improve their career and not harm their physical health (Sherman Thompson, 2014, P. 6). When dealing with Athlete management, it is good to analyse the different aspects that the managers have like technical issues which they apply in the field. In Slovenia ugman et al. (2002) defined sports managers as workers who were exclusively dedicated to sports management. This was based on the rising level of professionalism in different sports and the participation in sports as the career and not a sport. The rise of commercial teams that needed professional payers who specialized only in the sport to work for them led to the need for sports managers. Sport managers were therefore tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that Athletes are in shape and they represented them when making deals and signing contracts that relate to the services that they provide. This gave rise to this field and the development of sports academies that trained different Athletes in sport areas for professional engagements. The Conceptual Framework for Athlete Management According to Wrisberg (1996, P. 395) quality of life for Athletes is an important factor in ensuring their safety and prosperity of the Sports. This leads to the need for Framework that highlights the way Management of the Sports can be done and key areas that need being focused on. There are high demands on Sports from a range of stakeholders raising keen interest on how Athletes are managed. Key areas in the sport that require to be focussed on are career development, athlete representation, athlete welfare, career development and emerging issues in the sport. The Conceptual Framework below outlines the impact of Athlete Management on the success of the Athlete. Professional Athlete Management contributes to high-performance, Athlete representation, career development and Athlete Welfare Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of Athlete performance High-performance According to Bosscher Sotiriadou (2013) Athletes achieve high-performance through regular training and practising. Just like any other profession that requires training to master relevant skills for efficiency, Athletes also need adequate training and practising to improve their performance and ability to withstand stiff competition. These strategies include talent identification, coaching, Sports Sciences and Sports medicine support, availability of training equipment and event identification. (Lys ime (2008, P. 23) Suggests that managers need to ensure that Athletes are trained both physically and mentally to improve their performance. The aim of Athlete manager is to prepare the Athlete for competing in different environments that are different from their areas of residence and training. There are other measures that the manager takes like preventing injury, scheduling training, physical work ups and diet for the Athlete. In general, the manager is in charge of the Athletes life style as a way of ensuring physical fitness (Chelladurai Riemer 1997, P.135). This makes the Athlete achieve skill and physical competencies that can be applied on the track to yield better results. Unlike other games where strategies can be applied on the pith and substitutions made for the team, Athletes do not have those privileges and thus once out then it means that is the end of the race. De Bosscher (2013) argues that high-performance leads to high-performance standards that the Athlete exhibits when on track. This entails controlling muscle tone and at the same keeping up with the pressure from other competitors. Athletes who have highly trained can withstand competition based on high-performance standards that have been set by those who came before them. For example setting or breaking a world record entails high achievement levels that are above the individual who set the record. Athlete representation Managing Athletes entails representing them in different matters that relate to their profession. Indeed they are just professionals in the field who have mastered the art of performing on the field but may lack other skills that are important in management of their career. The role of the manger is thus to represent the Athlete in all matters that relate to their career like engagement in contracts, sponsorship and endorsement by different bodies. Further, the manager critically analyses any agreements that the Athlete engages in to ensure that the Athletes go through (Lussier Kimball, 2004, P. 12). Managing of resources has also been linked with Athlete managers with a call for managers to assist Athletes in managing the resources that they have to ensure that they can have a better life after retirement. Career development Andersen, et al. (2002, P. 99) Suggests that career development of Athletes needs to focus on different aspects of career development like emergency planning, health planning and career development. Career development is putting in place plans for the Athletes life after playing. McPherson (1980, P. 133) Suggests that Athletes have a shot career since as they age, other upcoming Athletes prove more powerful since they have more energy. Further, since the career is physical based, it means that retirement age can come early or late depending on the physical ability of the Athlete. The manager needs to assist the Athlete to manage their career well and choose when to strategically retire. On the other hand, counselling and planning is key in ensuing that the Athlete has a plan for the future based on their career. Some Athletes become managers of other athletes, others become ambassadors of global activities while others choose different careers. Preparing for life after sports and und erstanding the life cycles of their career provides psychology stability that is important in life after career. Athlete Welfare Welfare entails identifying issues in the life of the individual that need proper planning to avoid costs that relate to them. Managers need to cover a range of matters that revolve around the welfare to ensure that the career of the Athlete is protected. These include matters related to doping, being banned from events, mental health and counselling on the general life of leaving as a celebrity. Most Athletes are icons and celebrities in their countries. Therefore managers need to research and share relevant information with their clients to improve and protect their wellbeing and success of their career. Today sports organisations are channelling resources in this area through employing professional that can assist the Athletes and sports personalities, to cope with the state of being a sport personality, privileges and disadvantages that are associated with them. This includes strategies like how to talk to the media and being selective with information to avoid being quoted wrong ly. Indeed the world watches these personalities, and thus their welfare needs to be protected. Emerging Issues in Athlete Management There has been notable progress in the field with notable increase in the number of people who participate and watch the game. There are trends which are emerging and influencing the direction that the Sports may take in future. Ethical issues in Management bodies Management bodies have faced several integrity issues that have painted Management bodies in bad form. Corruption and discrimination have been described as major problems that have derailed performance of such bodies. Corruption has been highly reported in National Olympic bodies that are in charge of regulating Sports activities within the country. Byers (2016, P. 85) Suggests that Management bodies face ethical behaviour issuess that affect their service delivery and put the Athletes at risk. Entry of International Companies into Sports Management business The Sports world and especially Athlete world has experienced tremendous changes due to the presence of multimedia companies that are keen to manage them. Sports has become one of the major sources of revenue for most pay TV companies while other companies have come with a strategy of managing Athletes as their core business (Cafferata, 2004, P. 7). This means that Athletes need being protected by the law against ill driven companies that are out to swindle Athletes. It is a fact that some Athletes especially those who come from less developed countries are not fully informed on how to sign and limit their contract engagements with such companies. Athlete governing bodies need to develop strategies that can protect Athletes from such companies (Shropshire Davis, 2008, P. 12). These agent companies fight to control the Sports arena with deep interests in the advantages that employees receive. The need to transform Sports organisations from Associations to Joint Stock Companies Sports organisations have a lot of money which ends up in the hands of agents and companies that manage them. Athletes have been more vulnerable since the Sports is not seasonally prolonged like football. This means that agents have closer control of Athlete resources which ends up benefiting them more. There is need for Sports companies being transformed into stock companies to allow Athletes directly invest their resources rather than be at the mercies of their agents (Kartakoullis, 2009, P. 5). The Sports need new legal and Management methods that ensure those who participate are protected from fraud and at the same time, the problems that old Athletes faced in their career should not be faced by upcoming Athletes since times have changed. References Andersen, J. C., Courson, R. W. Kleiner, D. M., 2002. National Athletic Trainers Association Position Statement: Emergency Planning in Athletics. Journal of Athletic Training, 37(1), pp. 99-104. Bjalevik, J. Ferguson, M., 2009. How being succesful within the Sports industry, s.l.: Malardalen University. Bomey, N., 20122. Ann Arbor schools slashing freshman Sports teams, cutting funding. s.l.:s.n. Byers, T., 2016. Contemporary Issuess in Sports Management; A critical totroduction. Los Angels: Sage. Cafferata, R., 2004. Governance and Management in the Business of Sports. Symphonya.; Emerging Issuess in Management, Volume 2, pp. 5-25. Chelladurai, P. Riemer, H., 1997. A classification of facets of Athlete satisfaction. Journal of Sports Management , Volume 11, pp. 133-159. Coakley, J., 2015. Sports in society: Issuess and controvers. New York,: McGraw. Dijkstra, Paul, Pollock N, Chakraverty, R. Alonso J 2014. Managing the health of the elite Athlete: a new integrated performance health Management and coaching model. British Journal of Sports Medication, Volume 48, pp. 523-531. Gmez, S., Opazo, M. Mart, C., 2007. Structural characteristics of Sports organizations:main trends in the academic discussion. Barcelona: Pearson. Kartakoullis, N., 2009. Ethical Considerations in Sports Management: The Involvement of Children in Competitive Sports. International Journal of Sports Management Recreatio, Volume 3, pp. 1-17. Lussier, R. Kimball, D., 2004. Sports Management. Principals, Applicationas, Skill Development. . Mason: Thompson Learning.. Lys, B. ime, v., 2008. Coursebook for the study branch: Management of Sports. Newyork: s.n. McPherson B, D., 1980. Retirement from professional Sports: The process and problems of Occupational and psychological adjustment,. Sociological Symposium, Volume 30, pp. 126-143. Mrkonjic, M. Geeraret, A., 2012. Sports organisations autonomy and good governance. s.l., Working paper for Action for Good Governannce in International Sports Organisations Project. Sherman, R. Thompson, R., 2014. Managing the Female Athlete Triad. s.l.:NCAA. Shropshire, K. Davis, T., 2008. The business of Sports agents. , Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Steward, R. Smith, A., 1999. The Special Features of Sports,. Annals of Leisure Research, Volume 2, pp. 87-89. Szymanski, S., 2006. A theory on the evolution of modern Sports. s.l., International association of Sports economists Working Paper Series. Thompson, R. A. Sherman, R. T., 2016. Managing tudent-Athletes Mental Health Issuess. s.l.:s.n. Wrisberg, C. A., 1996. Quality of life for male and female Athletes. American Acaedemy of Kinesiology and Physical education, Volume 48, pp. 392-408.